Detailed Account

Following the Treaty of Hudaybiyah, which provided a peaceful environment for focusing on dawah (invitation to Islam), the Prophet ﷺ initiated a systematic diplomatic outreach to major world rulers. He selected qualified companions fluent in relevant languages and understanding of different cultures to serve as emissaries, and had a silver seal made inscribed with 'Muhammad, Messenger of Allah' for official communications. Among the rulers who received letters were: Heraclius (Byzantine Emperor), Khosrow II (Persian Emperor), Negus (King of Abyssinia), Muqawqis (Ruler of Egypt), al-Harith al-Ghassani (Governor of Syria), and various Arab tribal leaders. Each letter was customized for its recipient while maintaining core elements: beginning with 'Bismillah' (In the name of Allah), addressing the ruler respectfully, inviting to Islamic monotheism using language relevant to their religious background, quoting applicable Quranic verses, and clarifying that accepting Islam meant both spiritual salvation and maintaining political authority over their people. The responses varied dramatically: Heraclius respectfully received the letter and questioned Abu Sufyan (who happened to be in Syria) about the Prophet ﷺ, showing signs of belief but fearing political consequences; Khosrow arrogantly tore the letter, prompting the Prophet's ﷺ prediction that his kingdom would similarly be torn apart (fulfilled when Persia fell to Muslims years later); the Negus accepted Islam and later provided refuge for Muslim emigrants; Muqawqis sent gifts including Maria al-Qibtiyyah (who bore the Prophet's ﷺ son Ibrahim) but didn't accept Islam; al-Harith planned to attack but was preempted by Roman authorities. This diplomatic initiative represented the first systematic international presentation of Islam as a universal message transcending Arabian boundaries, established principles of Islamic international relations, and demonstrated Islam's self-conception as the final divine message for all humanity regardless of geographical or political divisions.